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"U.S. retrenchment:  How allies have responded in the past."

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Accessed on 10 July 2025, 2345 UTC.

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Russ Roberts (https://trendsingeopolitics.blogspot.com).

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JULY 10, 2025   Photo by Suga/Wikimedia

How Allies Have Responded to Past U.S. Retrenchment

The Trump administration is considering U.S. retrenchment from Europe and possibly elsewhere. There are competing claims about the potential effects of reducing U.S. military involvement abroad. To better understand the potential trade-offs, a new RAND report explores four cases of limited U.S. retrenchment in the 1960s and 1970s, examining how West Germany, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan responded to shifts in Washington's strategy. These four allies tended to react to U.S. retrenchment by increasing their defense spending, working more closely with regional partners, moderating their foreign policy goals, and maintaining alignment with the United States. One ally, South Korea, initiated a nuclear program that Washington opposed. (Seoul eventually abandoned the program under intense U.S. pressure.) What does this mean for today? If future U.S. policy shifts are similar to those of the past, then they could produce similar effects. More dramatic changes, on the other hand, could produce different outcomes. It’s also worth noting that modern-day U.S. allies are more economically intertwined with China than allies were with America’s Cold War rivals several decades ago. This raises the possibility that retrenchment could have different effects on allies' alignment choices. This analysis reveals a few recommendations for U.S. policymakers considering retrenchment: Manage allies’ opposition to retrenchment while incorporating their input about implementation. Don’t expect limited retrenchment to be a one-size-fits-all way to improve burden-sharing. (Effects can vary based on each ally’s characteristics.) Weigh nonproliferation against burden-sharing goals. Read more

Up in the Air: How Will Air Taxis Impact Communities?

Electric air taxis may be coming soon to a city near you. Manufacturers claim these aircraft can revolutionize short-distance travel for the public. But what harms might they cause to the communities below them? And will their benefits extend beyond wealthy jet-setters? According to RAND's Douglas Yeung, the answers to these questions depend heavily on whether communities help determine where and how air taxis fly. Read more

Countering China in the Indo-Pacific

What is the current geopolitical climate in the Indo-Pacific? And what is the United States doing to deter China's aggression in this vital region? RAND's Kristen Gunness tackles these questions in a new episode of the Policy Minded podcast. When it comes to countering Beijing, Gunness says, “There is not one lever that's better than another, but [efforts] really need to be coordinated across the government. We need to use all elements of national power.” Listen now

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